|
|
|
| 倾情分享"NAVAL ARCHITECTURE AND OCEAN ENGINEERING"(英文版 免费FREE CHARGE) |
1. AN INTRODUCTION OF H.D.SHIPYARD _nFvM'`<
[IkB/Xbw|
H.D. Shipyard, situated on the eastern bank of the Huang Pu River in Shanghai, is a comprehensive enterprise specialized in the manufacture of ocean-going vessels as well as marine diesel engines of medium and low speed with full capability in casting, forging and mechanical processing. Two slipways, with one for ships under 40.000 tonnage and another for ships under 70.000 tonnage, and eight berths for ships of 5.000 T dwt have been constructed in the yard. The outfitting quay, some700 metres in length, is well equipped with about 3,600 kinds of various equipments. The shipyard is noted for its high comprehensive productivity and facile adaptability. { rJF)\2
Up to now, more than 1,200 vessels of different types have been completed, among which were the self designed 25,00T ocean-going bulkcargo carriers that have been serving the ocean-going fleet around the world for years, Starting from 1981, it has accepted orders from foreign customers for bulk-cargo carriers of the class of 36,000T dwt which were jointly designed with Japan, anchor handling supply vessels for offshore services of joint design with England which took the lead in the world in 1980’s, 62,000T dwt oil tankers for chile. 52,000 T dwt oil storage tankers which act as an oil refinery at sea, 2,700 container vessels of the future type in the nineties to the design of which West Germany made her part of contribution, and guided-missile frigates of self-design which have been exported to the Royal Thai navy and the Egyptian navy. q9z!g/,d/
H.D.Shipyard has a history of over 40 years in marine diesel engine making with an independent production system. In addition to specified technology and products of its own, the yard has signed license agreements with SEMT of France and B&W Co. of Denmark to make PC2-5 medium-speed diesel engines and B&W low-speed diesel engines, the actual production of which the yard has successfully made a reality. 3A/MFQ#2
H.D.Shipyard has a technical force of distinguished engineers coupled with advanced techniques team of more than 2,000 persons engaged in new technology research and physical-chemical experiments shares the responsibility of the research and design of the vessels and diesel engines. To most the development of shipping and the need of modern management, the shipyard is equipped with general-purpose electronic computers, large NC drawing instruments and imported image display systems. Computer techniques have been applied and developed effectively in research, design and production. bD[W~ku
H.D.Shipyard has possessed great industrial potentialities and is ready to serve customers all over the world. aZ3#g
------Ships BqApecting vessels and marine geological research vessels. The two oceanographic research vessels, Xiangyanghong 09 and Shijian, which entered for the United Nations’ atmospheric survey in the name of P.R.China, has accomplished the assignment with great success. <.XoC?j
In hull lines, structure and piping system, mathematical lofting skill is widely adopted, and accurate and effective management is carried out in shipbuilding. Steel plate pretreatment by shop-blasting and painting has been put into service, NC cutting machine is applied to a great extent. Imported 3-rooler bending machine and 7-rooller planning machine and other large size equipments increase their capability in mechanical processing. D4S?b ZFHo
-------Diesel Engines e' ;c8WF3E
H.D.Shipyard can design and make low-speed marine diesel engines of up to 30,000BHP and medium-speed marine diesel engines of up to 1,2000BHP. The excellent power plants supplied by the yard are now widely taken on freighters, passenger-cargo vessels, oil tankers, container vessels and a variety of engineering vessels. It is also worth mentioning that in the last few years H.D. has been involved in land-based diesel engine making. pyard, namely, the steel casting factory, the valve plant and the electrical appliance factory, specializing respectively in the manufacture of casting products, valves and marine electrical equipments. r{;4(3E2
-------Technology 'm ((G4
The shipyard owns a technical staff of over 2,000 members, among whom some 300 have won the title of senior engineers equal to professors and vice-professors, and more than 800 have obtained the title of engineers equal to lecturers. And, a shipbuilding technology research institute , an electronic computer institute, a marine engineering research institute , a welding laboratory, a physical-chemical experimental center, a measurement laboratory and other technical departments have been established. hZG{"O!2 s
H.D.Shipyard is independently capable of designing vessels and diesel engines. Tt is resourceful in new technology research and physical=chemical experiments. Furthermore, the yard has rich practical experiences in the application of computer techniques to scientific research, production and management. %uMsXa
-------Business V!!'Sh
With their ships sailing across the four oceans and their friends all over the world, they wish for genuine cooperation and universal progress. Emphasizing on mutual benefit and dealing in both export and import business, they are keen on learning advanced foreign techniques to ensure high quality products and to promote foreign trade as well as international cooperation. 94/}@ 3 |
|
|
2008-03-27 12:23:00 |
|
 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2. PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS $Sls9H+.
+Hd'*'c
If you turn up a technical specification which is regarded as the code of shipbuilding, you will always find that Main Group 1 in the index is Ship General. And contents under Ship General will, generally speaking and in spite of some slight differences among individual specifications, include general description. Materials, dimensions & tonnage. Stability, classification, drawings, supervision, test & trials delivery, etc. But in this little passage we would like to concentrate on the seakeeping performances only. Different seakeeping performances of vessels have much to do with principal dimensions and ship forms. So it is quite necessary to discuss the principal dimensions and geometrical characteristics of hull at the very beginning. -4Hf5 !
1. Elements of geometrical characteristics. `=%mU /v
1.1 Three cross sections of hull vertical to one another: The middle longitudinal cross section—a longitudinal vertical plane along the centerline of ship length and a symmetrical plane between port and starboard. The midship transverse cross section—a transverse vertical plane at midship. bD tb "V8e
The design water plane ?C a horizontal plane through design waterline. 5cne. |2!cPf^8
The breadth moulded—the max. breadth at design waterline. U2CCjAgRs
The depth moulded ?C the vertical height from the upper surface of keel to the surface of upper deck within the midship transverse cross section. 5M|y"rd of cargo, complement, fuel and so on has reached to the fullest extent. Besides, for warships, another two concepts, normal displacement, and standard displacement are also adopted for the weight calculation. U((F<
2.2 Deadweight. 7yFV.#K3O
It so happens that an owner will bargain with a yard to ask for as biggest deadweight as possible, because, in a sense, deadweight is a matter of money. For, you see, deadweight is the max. weight of cargo and personal a ship can carry under the condition of full-load displacement. Or, in other words, deadweight equals to full-load displacement minus the sum of light-load displacement and the weight of consumables onboard, such as water, oil, etc. +?y9EZB%
As to the vessel volume, it is put as the total tonnage or the net registered tonnage. The total tonnage, sometimes called the registered tonnage, is calculated on the basis of the total volume of all compartments. And spaces that can be enclosed; while the net registered tonnage is equal to the total tonnage minus the volume of the compartments and spaces that are not for cargoes or passengers. |
|
2008-03-27 12:24:00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3. OTHER SEAKEEPING PERFORMANCES =x^b
%:vM indicates the ability of vessel floating poritively on water under the condition of a certain amount of deadweight. 1:VbbOu- V
When we deal with floatability, we must first be clear about the following two technical terms, i.e. reserve buoyance and load-line mark. P8=!/L2?
Then, what is the reserve buoyance? You see, when a ship is sailing at sea, it has to obtain a certain amount of freeboard. That is to say, to give you a concrete idea. Any vessel is to retain some volume above water for the sake of extra buoyance so that its draft is allowed to increase without a sinking tragedy under particular but rare conditions, such as rough sea or serious flooding due to hull damage. This extra buoyance is called reserve buoyance ; or, to be exact, the reserve buoyance which is measured by freeboard refers to the water-tight volume of hull above load line. '98p; In respect of load-line mark, it denotes a variety of the max. drafts of vessels in different seasons and at varied navigating zones. In China, ZC has worked out “The Rules for Load Line”. ~T'Ri=
Stability RJO40&ZOne more seakeeping performance is stability which is the ability that vessels will incline when affected by an exterior force, such as wind, wave, etc, and will restore its original position on the force removal. Stability is, of course, of great importance to shipbuilding since its failure will always lead to heavy loss of life. History has sadly witnessed tragic sinking of vessels so many a time owing to poor stability. f %JC;Y
Vessel inclination may be divided into trim and heel. As the metacenter of transverse inclination is much more essential than that of longitudinal inclination, the emphasis is invariably laid on the transverse stability and discussions are often limited to small metacentric angle under 15 degrees. Vp~c$y+
In order to obtain fine stability, precautions will normally be taken in two different ways. On one hand, gravity center is to be lowered; on the other, metacenter to be raised. The gravity center of a ship is to be calculated by means of an inclination test. The test is generally to be performed in calm water and with lovely weather. If you have got a drydock for the test. So much the better. (@"5 :M
Fast Speed @ky<5r*JU(
Another seakeeping performance is fast speed or rapidity which describes the ability of a ship to gain faster speed at lower consumption of power. gvl3NQQ%t
Vessels will be affected mainly by water resistance during voyage. We do not bother our brain about air resistance because it is far smaller than water resistance. Perhaps, the only exception is high-speed boats. QqU V0y"w(
Water resistances to be encountered by a ship consist of friction resistance, swirl resistance and wave-forming (wave-making) resistance. KqNbIw*sR
There are two ways to raise ship speed, namely, to minimize water resistance and to increase main engine power. To do this, a bulbous bow is widely used in many types of ships and the rated horsepower of main engines is generally to be two times as bigger as the effective horsepower of ships. K,' v{wSr
Roll and Pitch -4I Hs=`;I
When floating on water or sailing at sea, vessels will roll or pitch owing to wave motions as well as the influence of wind, current and propeller. U:1 cbD7|3
The fatal results of excessive roll and pitch are as follows: rQ*Fc~^L
1. First, the ship upsetting arising from excessive inclination due to roll. l1 ?$quM^V
2. Next, the hull structure damage, or even the hull might break because of sharp roll and pitch as well as the movement of bulk cargoes. .nG14i7C
3. Then, the affection on the propulsion plant, i.e., the increase of water resistance and the reduction of speed by reason of roll and pitch. iT2{3 t
4. Still then, the affection on proper operation of various kinds of machines and instruments. 7XU$O$C
5. Last of all, the hard working condition which causes the crew to be seasick. E'ay@YA p
Therefore, we have to take roll and pitch into our consideration during the design stage, for they are closely related to seakeeping performance. }gR!]Cs)^
As you know, the roll period is greatly concerned with initial meta-centric height and, in some degree, stability is contrary to roll. It seems to be strange that violent roll, as many people might think, is not derived from poor stability. FBP'AL|
Different stabilizing units have been invented, and found wide application in decteasing toll and pitch. Common stabilizing units now in practical use are bilge keels, stabilizers and wing buoyant tanks. s'4%ZE2Dr
Floodability 089Floodability states the ability for a vessel to keep afloat with sufficient floatability, stability and other seakeeping performance in case one or several compartments are flooded, Should sea damage take place, reserve buoyance would be the principal condition to keep a vessel afloat. With the help of water-tight bulkheads and decks which separate the inside of hull into a number of compartments and spaces, enough reserve buoyance is to be retained so that the intake sea water may be confined to the damaged compartment without water pouring into the adjacent compartment. o^8Z cN
Maneuverability 4o 69t
The last seakeeping performance that we are coming to is maneuverability, which refers to the ability for a vessel to retain or change its course in accordance with the pilot’s intention. \`oP\|Z
Maneuverability is composed of two abilities, that is, the directional stability and the turning ability.The former indicates the ability for a vessel to keep to its given course, while the latter the abilityo change its course. Ocean-going vessels require strict directional stability, whereas short-range ships ask for a better turning ability. Moreover, the smaller the turning circle of vessels, the better its turning ability. "~:P-]`G
In the guarantee of vessel maneuverability, a steering gear of fine quality is to be provided, rudder being its primary component. cES8%UC^i
C sX@u #
4. The Processes for hull building KSve_CBOh
qNX+!Y}y
A ship is something like a grand mansion floating on water, the construction with such complicated（复杂的） hull form and such complex（综合的、合成的） hull structures should start with（以?D?D开始） the very paper work. So, I would like to relate some brief introduction on the primary processes for hull building as follows: -?L3"rxAP
1. Lofting T?KM}<$(O
Lofting is the first process for hull building, and will therefore affect The quality of the following processes. So high accuracy has to be obtained during lofting. J?/NJ-F
2. Material marking（下料） G 7k.YtW
Material marking is to draw an expansion of certain hull member after Lofting process, and to mark the member expansion on steel plate or fashioned steel with the aid of（在?D?D帮助下）model plates, model rods or sketches, with the symbols for processing and fabrication marked out on them as well. ')Qb,#/,%
3. Processing of hull members l'R uzBQr
Processing of hull members may be classified into two types: cold / rnP/X)T
processing and hot processing, and might as well（不妨） be divided into edge processing and shape processing according to processing methods of members. ]8|peo{
3.1. Calibration and rust removal for steel plates t<yOTVah
Deformation will happen to steel plates and fashioned steel during 4~e6z(
manufacture, transportation and storage especially after cutting. And deformed steel has to be calibrated and planed before it comes to lofting and material marking. K~14;
In order to protect hull and minimize its corrosion, marine steel plates must go through（经受）rust removal and primer painting. As usual, the process is to be carried out first by shot-blasting and then by painting primer. {3G2-$yb
3.2. Edge processing and Shape processing |\/V 1
Edge processing for hull members includes edge cutting and grooving (chamfering), or may be divided into a straight line edge and a curve edge . AjMxn
C: Berth or slipway fabrication---- to assemble a few sections and blocks into an integral hull. O)9{qU:[b
4.1 Division of blocks $_NP4V8|z/
Division of blocks is of great importance, for not only the strength of hull itself but also the convenience （方便、有益）and reasonableness（合理、妥当）of operation as well as the production procedure, lifting capacity and arrangement of the working site have got to be taken into our account. tQrkRg(E:
4.2. Fabrication and welding of parts '}$$ o1R
The fabrication and welding of parts, such as frames, beams, girders and seatings, to be performed on a platform in the light of （按照、根据）concerning drawings. [_?dpan style="display:none" %{ToWLb{I
The fabrication and welding of sections, such as side, bottom, deck and superstructure, to be conducted on a jig. As to blocks, two methods for their fabrication and welding are available: 01" b9`jU
Pyramid（金字塔）method and Converse（反的、颠倒的）method hIv8A_ @`
Beside, welding work need to emphasized : P\R#!+FgW8
A: welding procedures and welding consumables approved for project in question, are to be used. zs~v6y@
B: The welding sequence is to be such that the parts may as far as possible contract freely in order to avoid cracks in already deposited （堆积、积累）runs of weld. `gFE/i18
C: welding at ambient（周围的） air temperature of（minus）?C5C（centigrade）or below ,is only to take place after special agreement. QZs]'*=#
5. Tightness test e7^B3FOx
Together with the completion of the whole integral hull construction, tightness test is to be carried out so as to check the leakage of welding seams. In addition, water pressure test may be executed for the hull structures that, by virtue of（依照）design requirement, are required to pass through（通过）strength test. Tightness test if to be done only after the X-ray photo check of seams and the completion of fabrication and welding in respect to pipe flanges and cable fixtures and so on, but before the painting process of shell and compartments as well as the laying of insulating materials. tightness test to be subdivided（再分、细分）into kerosene test, watertight test and air-tight test. F$k^px
6. Ship launching H ]x-s
It is interesting enough that a ship is to sail at sea but it is built on land. To move a colossal ship from its building zone to water after the completion of hull construction is referred（提交）to as ship launching. B3V;
Launching is really a key link to ship building. Should there be any carelessness, a serious accident might take place. No doubt that the relevant preparations must go through a strict（严谨的、精确的）and thorough（十分、彻底的）examination in order to guarantee a successful launching. e(~9JP9
负－正：minus-plus |
|
2008-03-27 12:25:00 |
|
|
| 4楼：匿名用户66864
|
 |
|
| 回复：倾情分享surveyorsaiz@hotmail.com |
|
|
|
VERY GOOD EXPLANATIONS....
PLEASE...I WANT MORE LITERATURE ABOUT NAVAL ARCHTECTURE....
THANKS A LOT
SINCERELY
CAPT. MIGUEL SAIZ MONROY
INDEPENDENT SHIP AND CARGO SURVEYOR
COLOMBIAN NORTH PORTS
http://surveyor2007.spaces.live.com
surveyorsaiz@hotmail.com |
|
2009-01-08 04:21:44 |
|
|
|
